Evaluate what Technological Needs & Barriers do International Students Research Paper

Assess what Technological Needs and Barriers do International Students face in getting to the Library Services at Bournemouth Uni - Research Paper Example Suppositions by quantitative perfectionist are in steady with positivist way of thinking. This suggests, social perceptions ought to be considered as substances in a similar way physical marvels are treated by physical researchers. Notwithstanding that, quantitative idealists contend that, substances exposed to perception are isolated from the eyewitness. Besides, they compose that, requests in sociologies should be objective. In this way, setting free and time speculations are important and social logical outcomes genuine causes ought to be in a situation to be resolved truly and dependably (Foley 2010, p.18). In actuality, subjective perfectionists are not on the side of positivism. Subjective idealists are additionally alluded to as interpretivists and constructivists. This gathering is on the side of vision, humanism, constructivism, relativism, postmodernism and hermeneutics prevalence. In contrast to quantitative perfectionists, they battle that, sans content and time speculati ons are neither conceivable nor dependable. Notwithstanding that, they put over that, any exploration has a bound worth. Subsequently, it is very hard to completely separate impacts and causes, and the progression of rationale follows a specific example. That is, from explicit to general. For instance, through the use of the gathered information, clarifications can be inductively produced. Moreover, knower can't be estranged from known. This is on the grounds that knower being abstract goes about as a premise of the real world (Johnson and Onwuegbuzie 2004, p.14). There are contrasts among inductive and deductive rationale. In deductive rationale, a specialist uses enormous volumes of data and thinks of ends. Then again, inductive rationale sums up data utilizing a solitary data piece. Basis for the Research Methodology Utilization of blended techniques helps in connecting the division that exists among subjective and quantitative exploration. The examination concentrating on an ang le that is explicit, it is thusly critical to use blended technique. Subjective examination will underline on interpretive information. The information is surprisingly basic in the advertising and promoting correspondences field. For reasons for responding to overview questions and getting of information that is deductive, quantitative strategy will be of extraordinary worth (Daymon and Holloway 2002). Notwithstanding that, information assortment and examination in subjective reactions that are implanted can help in clarifying and enlarging overview reactions that are opposing or complex. Also, subjective strategies are basic in evacuating predisposition. Indeed, they help the specialist in testing or exactly advocating their insisted theory. Regardless of the advantages, the blended strategy has its own confinements and difficulties. For example, the transformation of subjective information into quantitative structure results to loss of information adaptability and profundity. So a lso, information that is evaluated is one-dimensional and fixed. This implies, they have a restricted reaction that speaks to a calculated gathering that is resolved before information is gathered from the field. Examination Methodology The exploration configuration proposed is that of blended strategy. It will be cultivated in twofold stages. The primary stage contains a procedure that is subjective for motivations behind information examination and assortment. The subsequent stage will include a quantitative procedure. The procedure will help in getting information that is

Nestle for Coffee - Milkshakes and Child Food- myassignmenthelp

Question: Talk about theNestle for Coffee, Milkshakes and Child Food. Answer: Foundation Settle is a main and famous organization of food and drink. It positioned number is 72 out of 2014. It has in excess of 8000 brands and it came into power in 1866 by merger of two Swiss organizations. Henry Nestle was an originator of settle organization who is a German drug specialist. It manages sustenance, Health and wellbeing association in nations. Organization conveys their administrations in nations known as EMENA (Europe, Middle East, North Africa, and Asia Americas). It likewise connected with oat and refreshments accomplices. Settle set up 20 manufacturing plants and branches in 1905. The remote organizations additionally created exchange linkage. It is perceived as a main dairy organization as the advantages are taken from the World War. It additionally stretches out in the field of beautifying agents and pharmaceutical. The organization utilized world wellbeing association code on the substitute of breastfeeding and furthermore began wellbeing activities. It expanded the development and now organization is utilizing shared an incentive to be effective as far as assets (Shrivastava, 2016). Nature It centers around improving existences everything being equal. Numerous items are created like espresso, Milkshakes, youngster food, oats, and soups. It additionally delivers Milk items and pet nourishments. Maggie is the mainstream brand of settle. Organization gives information about wellbeing diet tips and increasingly related speculations. It centers around the hypothesis that is Good Food, Good Life . They enlist experienced scientist and work force for the development of association. A flying creature has been introduced on the logo of the organization which is sitting in the home and this has been utilized to characterize the family since home has been named as family in German language. It shows the female flying creature taking care of her youngsters to make an understood thought of their oats for babies. The logo appeared in 1868 .This logo isn't in an altered structure yet it is utilized universally (Katz, 2015). Globalization:- Customers over the globe wish to expend the Nestle items according to their quality. A few effects are:- Merger and association:- Settle is an overall organization and has numerous issues and difficulties that requirements joined activities so organization is converged with association which are national, worldwide and nearby. Settle joined supreme school London in 2016 in light of development and research. Settle has present powerful changes in their items to achieve clients requests. Settle additionally worked together with organization of Red Cross which expanded the improvement in water and sanitation. It additionally upheld IFRC in disaster declaration. At first, Nestle began serving the individuals the nation over with water and sanitation offices to create toughness. It additionally has joint endeavor with Belgium chocolate producer to arrangement great serious picture in chocolate showcase (Ocampo, 2010). Advancement: As the client is expanding the interest is likewise changing nation by nation. So settle inquires about to make change in taste of item as per taste to which they are offering types of assistance. Because of the extraordinary advancement Nestle accomplished development grant in France and persistently they are extemporizing their measures to improve nature of item. Settle consider their clients input to fabricate sufficient quality items (Tan, 2004). Development of Income:- By improving changes in the creation settle accomplished developments in productivity. The pay is high in 2006 when contrasted with 2002. Offer of dairy items are a lot of high in America when contrasted with Europe. So it expanded the productivity of organization. It likewise gains gainfulness in field of confectionary, pet consideration and pharmaceutical (Kuznets, 2008). Supportability Settle has adjusted powerful innovations to build up the satisfactory subjective items to coordinate the necessities of clients. They have likewise improved the procedures to serve financial, natural and social factor (KuhlmanandFarrington, 2010). Ecological Water Efficiency:- For settle water is a significant piece of the procedure since it is utilized in cleaning, cooling. Settle utilize zero withdrawal framework for counteraction of water . The framework utilizes fume of milk rather than ground water. Settle has likewise taken the test to give safe drinking water since it thought about it as an essential human right. 90% achievement is accomplished by settle. It is an extraordinary activity taken by settle (Morelli, 2011). Social Sustainability:- Settle Started numerous projects for their clients and representatives. In this way, AAA gives high caliber and reasonable cultivating. Under AAA settle gives appropriate specialized help to ranchers. It improves their presentation and furthermore give safe condition to ranchers. This methodology is for clients and for ranchers by specialized help ranchers can create successfully (vallance, 2011). Financial Sustainability:- Settle face troublesome circumstance in deals when it is influenced by conversion scale. Settle endured misfortune in numerous districts. Be that as it may, it has additionally taken development in different locales like America and Middle East in light of increment offer of mineral water. In 2016 it has taken development in various regions like wellbeing and science, Food, mineral water. Settle has a bit of leeway of value and bundling of items in light of this it accomplishes great situation in the market. By development in economy of settle it can extend their all businesses. Third World Development:- Effect on Employment Formation Settle has built up the incredible picture in different pieces of nation as far as creation limit, work openings. In term of creation settle contend the nearby firms. So it utilizes those individuals who has the capacity to work with the change example of settle. At the point when settle become collaborate with reasonable work affiliation it wipe out kid work (Lewchuk, 2014). Move Pricing Settle has numerous auxiliaries and it is likewise engaged with move creation in creating nations. It principle creation is of magi in India and it is of 10 rupees however in New Zealand the main combo is accessible. It has an incredible effect when there is move of cash starting with one nation then onto the next (OlatunjiIsau, 2014). Reliance Numerous items are adequate broadly like espresso. So Nestle is assuming responsibility for creation in numerous nations and they are relying upon Nestle for their economy. References: Shrivastava, A. (2016). Contextual investigation on Nestle, Journal of Business and Management. pp. 86-87. Katz, D. (2015) .Nutrition, Journal of Science.vol 526, No. 7571, pp: 34 35 Ocampo, J. (2010) .Global Economic and Social Governance, Journal of Globalization and Development .vol.1, no.1, pp: 1 - 27. Tan, B. (2004) .The Consequences of Innovation, The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal. Vol.9, no.3, pp: 1-42 Kuznets, S. (2008). Financial development and Income Inequality The American monetary audit. Vol.15, no.1, pp: 1 - 28. Kuhlman, T., Farrington,J.(2010).Sustainability, Journal on sustainability.pp:3436-3448. Morelli, J. (2011).Environmental maintainability, Journal of ecological sustainability.Vol.1, No.1, pp: 1 - 9 Vallance, S.(2011).Social maintainability, Journal on Social sustainability.pp:342-348. Lewchuk,W.(2014). Unstable Employment and social results, Journal of Work and Society.Vol.22, pp: 46-50. OlatunjiIsau,A.(2014).Transfer Pricing, Journal of bookkeeping and taxation.Vol.2,No.2,pp:23-38.

New Student Photo Entry #17 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Entry #17 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The first two photos come from Alicia Ng, an incoming MIA student. This photo was taken earlier this year at the Angkor Wat temples in Cambodia. The morning sun was streaming in just perfectly Lewis Carroll is one of my favourite authors and this passageway was reminiscent of stepping through the looking glass. This photo was taken on my college sailboat somewhere off the Johor Straits. I would spend every weekend at sea, 4 6 hrs straight at a time, training for regattas or learning new techniques. And aside from the bruises, scrapes and sunburns, sailings just about the best water sport there is out there. _____________________________________ The following two photos come from Raj Raina, an incoming Master of Public Administration in Development Practice student. This photo is taken today, June 30th, on Peponi Road Westlands, Nairobi outside of Sarit Centre which is one of the largest shopping malls in Kenya. Carpenters have set up shop on the corner of the street. My friend Amos who is also a street vendor took the picture. Also on the background is an important public message from The Green Belt Movement which has been founded by Wangari Maathai, Winner of Nobel Peace Price. This is one of the few places left in Westlands where the government has not forcefully evicted kiosk and street vendors. Traffic has become a nightmare in Nairobi. I am stuck on Uhuru Highway. If you arrive in the morning or evening Mon to Sat to Jomo Kenyatta Airport expect to spend over 1 and half hour in traffic from Airport to Westlands. Though the street vendors will keep you entertained.

Climate Change Has Proved Inadequate On Many Levels

III Response 1 Past The response to climate change has proved inadequate on many levels. Partially this is because the issue requires scientific literacy that many simply do not possess, allowing leaders to underplay or ignore the danger since the public is not able to analyze the issues, and giving opportunity for groups such as gas companies to wield their considerable clout in favor of what benefits business instead of the environment. Furthermore, because of the large scale of climate change, the consequences are hard to see and the blame can be pushed around. Accordingly, climate change is highly-politicized, and cannot be addressed factually without upsetting one group or another. Whether or not climate change exists may be a difficult question to answer to the satisfaction of some individuals, but it is still not a political question; treating it as such means leaving the potential danger unexamined. In light of this unfortunate reality, there is a rather obvious solution: disconnecting c limate change from its political implications. This has already been done effectively in some places. For instance, one of the few success stories of combating climate change comes from Greensburg, Kansas, a small town that won the Siemens Sustainable Cities Award for rebuilding a town almost entirely run on renewables, where the issue of climate change was reframed in terms of the conservative values of the citizens. [*] Where the rhetoric of fighting big companies and saving theShow MoreRelatedShould People Believe in Global Warming?1132 Words   |  5 Pagesmedia in this current society, but it is difficult to distinguish that whether it is right or wrong. There are many different perspectives and thoughts on the same issue, such as global warming. To choose which argument is true is up to the people. 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Most environmental or â€Å"green† issues are often presented as choices of either economic growth or environmental protection. This idea of having to choose between the environment and the economy has often delayed the green movement from making necessary strides. Read MoreNews is not simply reported by the media, it is created by the media-Discuss1751 Words   |  8 Pagescan, and does, reflect the political agenda or climate. The question of the news being created has been a topic of discussion since the dawn of media studies. There are several different political theories or traditions of thought. The three I have chosen to concentrate on are the liberal, Marxist and pluralist theories. All to some extent see society as maintainable, they agree that the structure of society can be altered not by personal level events but by major structures, such as legalisation

Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on Argumentative Essay Football Topics

Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on Argumentative Essay Football Topics The Argumentative Essay Football Topics Game Moreover, analyze the sources you may utilize to base your arguments on. Ultimately, now that you're prepared to work on your paper, we wish to remind you of the significance of suitable essay structure. Argumentative writings is a particular sort of a paper. If you've got such problem, then you might want to go for topics that will permit you to compose essays with shorter sentences. However soon you're expected to file your college argumentative essay for grading, we'll write the paper for you. By way of example, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing viewpoint. Once every so often, your professor might offer you the liberty of writing an argumentative essay for college on the subject of your choice. The student should investigate a topic, evaluate evidence, collect, generate, and set a standpoint on this issue in a powerful and concise way. The Lost Secret of Argumentative Essay Football Topics It may be intriguing to talk about the significance of sports in student's life and tackle a few of the problems that college students face in college. Racial slurs ought to be illegal. Many students think that it is a waste of time. By way of example, high-school students may not have enough time or resources necessary to thoroughly cover a topic, like whether soccer benefits Latino communities financially or not. When you will need any assistance about the sports argumentative essay topics, there is just a single stop shop that will provide everything that you require. Our crew of professional writers with the crucial experience and writing skills is always prepared to fulfill your demands and exceed your expectations. If you would like to deal with some more intricate issues that don't discuss advantages of sports but instead concentrate on debated topics instead, think about using one of the subsequent sports topics to write about modern-day problems. The social issues linked to sports ought to be the duty of the sports management and not players. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's critical to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Recent argumentative ess ay topics that are related to society is going to do. Below are a few simple methods to direct you in deciding on the great persuasive essay topic for you. As tempting as it might appear to skip past the extra info and go right to the list of persuasive essay topics, don't do it. Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. Shopping online isn't secure or secure. Finding the Best Argumentative Essay Football Topics Pay close attention to all things electronic, and you will be certain to find something debatable of what you see. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you presently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. You also need to know how to craft a compelling piece. There are a lot of things to argue when it has to do with the law. School should happen in the evenings. Every American should learn how to speak English. Students ought to be permitted to pray in schoo l. Parents of bullies should need to pay a fine. Now, if you would like to perfect your argumentative essay writing skills, then you have to take part in extracurricular essay writing practice. The reader ought to take the author's side by the close of the reading. The reader ought to be impressed by the manner in which you defend your ideas. Your reader ought to be convinced your argument is valid. Your readers will need to find the entire picture, and that's what you should concentrate on. Young writers may try simple on-line citation generators which are typically at no charge. It is crucial to get started with demonstrating the major idea of the entire piece so you and your readers are going to be on the exact same page. Argumentative Essay Football Topics for Dummies Another issue you must take into account is the degree of research you are able to conduct within the established deadline. You should also think of the quantity of information readily available to you about this issue you're rushing towards. To choose which subject you're likely to discuss, it's vital to see the complete collection of good persuasive speech topics from the special area of study. No matter this issue, you could always rely on their help!

Literature As A Revolutionary Tool For American Free Essays

In tandem with literacy, literature has become one of the leading vehicles for social criticism in American history. It amplifies the author’s voice, reverberating it throughout the nation, molding the history of America by changing the opinions of the people on certain issues. It can induce cries of hope and merriment, like John Winthrop’s sermon A Model of Christian Charity, which speaks about the optimistic prospect of America as the â€Å"City upon a Hill† (Winthrop, 84). We will write a custom essay sample on Literature As A Revolutionary Tool For American or any similar topic only for you Order Now But it can also elicit the noticeable cries viciously pointing out the ignored flaws embedded in this â€Å"more perfect union† (U. S. Const. Preamble)†the existence of slavery, racism, ethnocentrism and the absence of gender equality. While reading this textbook, it is important to keep in mind the question of intention†why a certain piece of literature was written and why during that particular time period and not another. In any case, major movements in American literature leading up to the 19th Century are not arbitrary or random; they are all interrelated by a cause and effect, wherein one movement inspires the critical response of another. The arrival of the Puritans in the sixteenth century brought religious literature into the New World, more specifically ermons such as John Winthrop’s A Model of Christian Charity, which grounded the principles required for this infant colony to become the â€Å"City Upon A Hill† (Winthrop, 84). Winthrop’s sermon was an implicated work of criticism towards the European structure of society, where social class and bloodline would inherently determine a person’s fate in life. Winthrop modeled prospective America according to everything the Old World was not†it would be a country where the â€Å"riche and mighty should not eate up the poore, nor the poore,† (81) where the people â€Å"must love one another with a pure hearte fervently†¦ eare one another burthens†¦ [and] not looke only on [their] owne things, but also on the things of [their] brethren† (83). This model appealed to the serfs and peasants of Europe because it promoted equality, a concept not unfamiliar but unattainable to the people belonging to the Old World. Although inequality established by the Old World caste system would later be abolished in the New World, gender inequality still remained to be a prevalent form of inequality amongst the people†notice that Winthrop calls out for equality among the â€Å"brethren† (83) and not â€Å"sistren,† which is the female equivalent of it. Over two centuries later, Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter would be published in 1850, criticizing the gender inequality within the glorified Puritan â€Å"Model of Christian Charity. Hawthorne points out this flaw by having Hester Prynne, the woman, repent for her sins by public shame and ostracization whereas Dimmesdale, the man, can successfully conceal his sins, albeit it at a great cost in the end. This disparity between the experiences of the opposite sex point out the imperfections within Puritan society as well as society in the 19th century. On the topic of inequality, ccompanied by women were black slaves who rece ived the shortest end of the stick of equality. Following the American Independence in 1774, early 19th century American literature mainly comprised of political documents such as The Declaration ot Independence ot 1776, which was written witn the intention to â€Å"petition tor redress† (US, 1776), which in this case would be independence from the British Crown. The document itself is a social critique on the monarchial system of the British Empire. By listing the â€Å"history of repeated injuries and usurpation† (US, 1776)) inflicted upon the American Colonies, the drafters of The Declaration of Independence are explicitly condemning the tyrannical Imperial System that dominated Europe and the Kingdom of Great Britain throughout history. Almost a century later, the emergence of abolitionist sponsored slave narratives in the 19th century allowed for the direct critique of America’s hypocritical claim that the British Crown†the â€Å"Tyrant†Ã¢â‚¬ was unfit to be the ruler of the â€Å"free people† which†later emphasized†excluded the black community. While the fourth of July is often associated with the Joyful celebration of independence, in the perspective of prominent African-American abolitionist Fredrick Douglass, the fourth of July is eferred to as the particular day â€Å"that reveals to [the Negro]†¦ the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim [of]† (Douglass, The Fourth of July). The â€Å"Fourth of July is yours [the white citizens], not mine [the blacks]† Douglass said in his 1852 speech â€Å"The Meaning of July Fourth to the Negro. His statement summarizes the fact that the basic rights the whites were born with were not considered as rights or even privileges for the blacks†free or enslaved. Fast-forward to post civil war in 1983; Mark Twain publishes Pudd’nhead Wilson, a tragic comedy criticizing the lack of ights given to slaves. In the conclusion, the creditors of the Driscoll estate claim fake Tom as their â€Å"lawful property’ (Twain, 122). This re ference to â€Å"property’ can be viewed as criticism towards the Supreme Court Case Dred Scott v. Stanford in 1857, where Judge Taney ruled Scott, the slave, as property and therefore cannot be freed, despite setting foot on a free state, because it would be depriving a person of property without due process or Just compensation which violates the 5th Amendment. The comic tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson, then, serves as a critical pprobrium directed upon the inequitable ways in which the slaves were treated. The philosophical movement known as transcendentalism began its short, but impactful lifespan during the 1820s and 1830s. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau are among the renowned icons of the transcendentalist movement. The transcendentalist movement began as criticism towards society and its institutions†particularly organized religion and political parties. Influenced by Romanticism, the transcendentalists respected the individual spirit and the natural world, believing that divinity was present in nature and each person. In his essay Self-Reliance, Emerson compares an institution to the â€Å"lengthened shadow of one man† (Emerson, 26). Self-Reliance circles itself around the idea of Individualism where â€Å"imitation is suicide† (20), so this comparison suggests that organizations teach principles based on the ideas of a single person, forcing everyone else to conform to the ideas of a man other than themselves†a concept condemned by transcendentalists. Transcendentalism also included the core belief that all men were inherently good†a belief that would later breed a completely different generation of writers. Herman Melville was among the writers who advocated ealism, the antithesis of all things romantic or transcendental. His novella Bartleby tells the story of a scrivener named Bartleby. Like Thoreau, Bartleby is a passive resistor. However, while Thoreau argues that his act ot passive resistance trees him, Bartlebys passivity provokes the narrator to confront him, and ultimately, his refusal to accept authority results in his self-inflicted death. Furthermore, although Thoreau considers solitude as his most â€Å"companionable† (Thoreau, 88) companion, Bartlebys loneness was the cause for his boss’ comment on his â€Å"incurably forlorn† (Melville, 9) ppearance. The key difference between transcendentalism and realism isn’t very far fetched†one is optimistic while the other is realistically grim†while Thoreau’s passive resistance liberates him and allows him to fully express himself, Bartleby’s passive resistance only affirms the authority and control that society has over him. Although the motives for social criticism may vary over the decades, the overall purpose of literature is to act as a vessel for social criticism in order to spark movements†for better or worse† in an otherwise monotonous society. How to cite Literature As A Revolutionary Tool For American, Essays

The Best of Kansas free essay sample

This album takes you through 25 great years of Kansas’s hits, including â€Å"Carry On Wayward Son† and â€Å"The Wall.† It never gets boring, and I would know because I have played it for years. Kansas’ style is generally relaxed, but they use a lot of complex parts that most groups wouldn’t dare try. For example, the song â€Å"Fight Fire With Fire† boasts a heavy guitar line and powerful lyrics. On the other hand, â€Å"Song For America† is mostly instrumental and much lighter, but both are great tunes. A classic rock fan can’t lose. Kansas possesses a distinguished sound both in their vocals and instrumentation. They include a lot of challenging rhythms, especially complicated keyboard parts, including an organ/piano duet at the end of â€Å"Point of Know Return.† And then you come to what makes a great album great: the tunes. Every single track is unique in attitude and sound. We will write a custom essay sample on The Best of Kansas or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This set of songs is always easy to get into and really enjoy, whatever your mood. Find and buy â€Å"The Best of Kansas.† Anyone who enjoys modern or classic rock music will definitely love this CD.

T.H. Marshalls Theory of Citizenship Essays

T.H. Marshalls Theory of Citizenship Essays T.H. Marshalls Theory of Citizenship Paper T.H. Marshalls Theory of Citizenship Paper Critically discuss T. H. Marshall’s theory of citizenship as outlined inCitizenship and Social Class ( 1949/1992 ) . At the Centre of the development of citizenship in modern Britain is the pioneering work of T.H. Marshall ( Faulks, 1998 ) . T.H. Marshall proposed an highly influential theory in respects to citizenship ( Dwyer, 2010 ) . Through his analysis of citizenship, Marshall has to be acknowledged as placing an original theoretical base point from which to understand a societal phenomenon ( Held and Thompson, 1989 ) . Few British Social Scientists other than Marshall have straight considered the construct of citizenship and made it their cardinal focal point in their work ( Lister, 2010 ) . Therefore, it has been Marshall’s part that has been considered a get downing point for farther research into the topic of citizenship rights ( Held and Thompson, 1989 ) . Furthermore, as Roche ( 1992 ) has identified, Marshall’s writings organize a cardinal text which he has labelled the ‘Dominant paradigm’ within citizenship theory in Britain ( Faulks, 1998 ) . When reviewing the work of Marshall it is of import to recognize how defining citizenship is built-in to understanding the constructs expressed in his work and others to day of the month. Marshall defined citizenship as ‘full rank of a community’ ( Marshall, 1963: 72 ) . Marshall so clarified that full citizenship position involved rank of a national community ( Dwyer, 2010 ) . Marshall’s deduction was that each person considered a citizen could, hence, expect certain rights of entitlement from the province and in return would be expected to continue certain criterions or responsibilities within the community to be considered a ‘citizen’ . As the definition of citizenship has developed over the old ages so has the constructs of which it encompasses. As such, when reviewing Marshall’s work it is of import to admit the epoch during which the theories considered were proposed as noted by Dwyer ( 2010 ) . The fortunes during the clip of this essay were well different to those of modern society within Britain. Marshall’s work was considered following the Second World War and the constitution of the station war public assistance colony ( Dwyer, 2010 ) . Consequently, this has led to critical treatment of Marshall’s theories sing citizenship and its value by a figure of faculty members to day of the month ( Alcock, 1989 ; Delanty, 2000 ; Dwyer, 2010 and Lister, 2010 ) . Marshall considers each facet by analyzing each attack historically to the development for rights. Marshall outlined three interlinked elements of rights that took the signifier of civil, political and societal rights ( Lister, 2010 ) . The construct of civil rights in Britain came to prominence during the 18th century and included ; ‘the rights necessary for single freedom, autonomy of the individual, freedom of address, thought and faith, the right to have belongings and to reason valid contractors, and the right to justice’ ( Marshall, 1963: 74 ) . Discussion of political rights followed during the 19th century, which included, the right to vote and stand for political office ( Marshall, 1949/1992 ) . The concluding component of rights was concluded with the ownership of societal rights to to the full categorize person as a citizen. The construct of societal rights developed chiefly in the station Second World War period. Marshall’s definition of societal rights has undergone much examination due to his equivocal theoretical position. Powell ( 2002 ) and Dwyer ( 2010 ) in peculiar remark on this deficiency of lucidity, â€Å"He is clear that there is no overarching cosmopolitan rule that decidedly defines what citizenship grants or requires† ( Dwyer, 2010:39 ) . As Marshall ( 1949/92 ) high spots on several occasions, civil citizenship rights are wholly of the conditions of a free market economic system, including a free labor market. Conversely, Marshall appears to be instead cognizant of the contradictions within the assorted strands of citizenship, although the facets seem to complect it would look they do non ever agree. Potential contradictions between societal and civil citizenship, Marshall openly discussed in footings of the struggle between citizenship and category ( Bagguley, 2013 ) . As Turner ( 1993 ) indicates, Marshall’s analysis of capitalist economy versus democracy contained a figure of ambiguities, but as a whole, Marshall strongly argued that the public assistance province would restrict the negative impact of category differences on single life-chances. Ultimately this would heighten the individual’s committedness to the system. Additionally, the epoch of which societal rights were development may impact how some persons may construe them ( Lister, 2010 ) . The development of civil freedoms was a important measure in the undoing of the hierarchal crude restrictions of position or responsibility to an individual’s societal higher-ups ( Lister, 2010 ) . Civil freedoms were besides a necessary foundation for the ulterior development of the 2nd type of rights noted by Marshall as political rights. Marshall acknowledges four major purposes to his essay. First, he examines whether citizenship is compatible with the category construction in a capitalist society such as Britain. Although he states this is possible, persons such as Faulks, ( 1998 ) feel he is ‘cautious’ in saying this. The tenseness between citizenship and capitalist economy arises out of the fact that citizenship high spots equality, while capitalist economy presumes inequality ( Dwyer, 2010 ) . For Marshall, the compatibility of citizenship with capitalist economy was due to societal rights by ‘civilising’ the impact of the market ( Faulks, 1998 ) . Marshall identifies the addition of incomes, the growing of nest eggs and the success of mass production as enabling society to redistribute wealth and societal power ( Lister, 2010 ) . Developments such as the progressive revenue enhancement system and the usage of legal assistance are shown to cut down the influence of category, efficacious ly, making societal justness via societal rights ( Held and Thompson, 1989 ) . As his 2nd consideration, truly, Marshall argues that citizenship in Britain can non be to the full achieved without changing market operations of the clip ( Faulks, 1998 ) . Third, Marshall identifies the displacement to rights away from duties and the consequence of this, and he considered this to be the most of import facet of citizenship in modern Britain ( Somers, 2004 ) . Finally, Marshall attempts to set up the bounds of societal equality and find merely how far the battle for societal justness could realistically travel ( Tilly, 1996 ) . Marshall contended an image of an ‘ideal citizenship’ and thereby, a end towards which aspirations can be directed. T.H. Marshall’s attack to societal citizenship has been regarded as a democratic socialist position. As Delanty ( 2002 ) recognised, societal democracy and Marshall’s classless liberalism had several facets in common. Other influential minds such as Richard Titmuss shared a similar passion within the societal democratic tradition ( Dwyer, 2010 ) . Dwyer ( 2010 ) and Alcock and Oakley ( 2001 ) have identified the attacks of Titmuss and Marshall, who portion several resemblances. Each author showed a considerable importance to universal unrestricted public assistance rights. Furthermore, both Marshall and Titmuss, outlined the designation and consideration of the ‘class struggle’ which is notably identified as an of import facet of the development of societal citizenship. Marshall and Titmuss besides suggest that the development of British industrial capitalist economy is of greater significance for the outgrowth of societal rights ( Dwyer, 2010 ) . Additiona lly, the two authors shared the same optimism about the motives that underpin human nature. Titmuss and Marshall both assumed that citizens would largely act in a responsible mode and expression to heighten their ain lives, and the lives of fellow members of their national community, instead than mistreat any benefits that societal rights may convey for single addition ( Alcock and Oakley, 2001 ) As Dwyer ( 2010 ) , truly provinces, personal reading is finally what pins down the determination about whether or non the work of T.H. Marshall can be seen as societal democratic. Key subjects that are cardinal to Social Democracy have been identified as: the publicity of equality, freedom, societal integrating and cosmopolitan rights to welfare ( Held and Thompson, 1989 ; Turner, 1993 ) . Arguably Marshall’s ( 1949/92 ) indorsement of these beliefs identifies him as a societal Democrat of kinds, even if possibly he moved off from this place in ulterior life. Delanty ( 2000 ) refers to Marshall’s positions as a socially democratic left flying broad attack to citizenship. Marshall’s Citizenship theory, although seen as pioneering, has been the head of many reviews ( Dwyer, 2010 ) . As Tilly ( 1996 ) provinces, Marxist critics of Marshall’s work on citizenship are widely known, depicting the analysis Marshall has given every bit superficial as it does non highlight, a citizen’s right to command economic production, which has been argued as a necessity for continual shared richness ( Somers, 1994 ) . Furthermore, feminist positions as stated by Lister ( 2008 ) states Marshall’s theory as being highly confined in being entirely on work forces, while non admiting, the societal rights of adult females. ( Held and Thompson 1989 ) . Therefore, Marshall’s Theory reflects that of merely the on the job category white male position ( Lister, 2003 ) . His statement that in England wholly people were free and had civil rights can be seen as fancied, as at the clip merely work forces had ‘legal freedom’ or the capable ness to exert political or civil rights ( Lister, 2008 ) . Additionally, Marshall does non discourse other facets of society including 2nd category citizens and gender and racial hierarches ( Tilly, 1996 ) . Although Marshall did non discourse the issues associated with 2nd category people, he acknowledged that citizenship itself plays a portion in societal inequality ( Marshall, 1942/92 ) . As one time noted earlier it is of import to understand the fortunes during the clip of this essay were well different to those of modern society within Britain ( Dwyer, 2010 ) Furthermore, Neo-liberal positions and free market political orientation asserts that the non-engagement of the province from economic protection is the foundation of a society with strength and goodness ( Held and Thompson, 1989 ) . Consequently they are wholly opposed to the societal rights proposed by Marshall ( Turner, 1993 ) . Neo-liberals alternatively suggest that public assistance plans such as some of the societa l duties discussed by Marshall to assist the hapless in efficaciously using their civil and political rights, have promoted passiveness among the hapless without bettering life opportunities and have created a civilization of public assistance dependence ( Held and Thompson, 1989 ; Roche, 1992 ) . Citizenship, or the equality of rights it generates, becomes an integrative procedure antagonizing the inclinations towards societal division and struggle generated by the economic system. For Marshall, inequality was non an issue within itself. His focal point was to happen an acceptable balance between the forces for inequality and those for equality ( Lewis 1998 ) . Marshall distinguished between countries of the public assistance province where greater grades of inequality where acceptable and those where this was non the instance, as the contrasts between the wellness service system and legal assistance high spot ( Marshall, 1949/92 ) . Furthermore, this illustrated that for Marshall, citizenship concepts an affinity between rights and responsibilities. However, this balance is non distributed every bit among all who might do the claim to citizenship ( Lewis, 1998 ) . To reason, while sing whether citizenship is compatible with the category construction in a capitalist society such as Britain, Marshall seems cautious in saying that this is possible ( Faulks, 1998 ) . Marshall provided an evolutionary position of citizenship, developing through assorted phases and degrees to make its concluding incarnation in the rules of British public assistance political relations ( Turner, 1993 ) . The extent of rights and responsibilities that citizenship entails is unfastened to ongoing argument and has been challenged over clip. However, Marshall seems positive about the enrichment of citizenship at the clip of authorship ( Dwyer, 2010 ) . Initially, Marshall put the relationship between the citizen, the province and the societal public assistance at the Centre of his analysis. Marshall achieved this by his suggestion of consisting citizenship into three complecting facets. Marshall viewed civil, political and societal rights as a consequence of an evolution ary procedure, with each component overlapping ( Turner, 1993 ) . Marshall’s citizenship is a position rendered to people who can claim full citizenship of a community. Although, as noted by Lewis ( 1998 ) Marshall did non clearly province a standard to which people may get such rank. Furthermore, there is a long and on-going argument as to whether Marshall intended his historical analysis to be interpreted as a general theory of citizenship or whether the essay was merely a commentary on the developments of citizenship within England ( Faulks, 1998 ) . Bibliography. Alcock, P. ( 1989 ) . ‘Why Citizenship and New Welfare Rights Offer new Hope for Welfare in Britain, ’ Critical Social Policy,Vol 19, no 2, pp 32-43 Alcock, P. and Oakley, A. ( 2001 ) . ‘Introduction’ , in P.Alcock, H Glennerster, A. Oakley and A. Sinfield ( explosive detection systems )Welfare and Wellbeing: Richard Titmuss’s part to societal policy,Bristol: The Policy Press, pp1-9 Bagguley, P. ( 2013 ) Industrial citizenship: a re-conceptualisation and instance survey of the UK ,International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy,Vol. 33 no: 5/6, pp.265 279 Delanty, G. ( 2000 )Citizenship in a Global Age: Society Culture and Politics,Buckingham: Open University Press Dwyer, P. ( 2010 ) .Understanding Social Citizenship: Subjects and positions for policy and pattern. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Great Britain: The Policy Press. Faulks, K ( 1998 ) .Citizenship in Modern Britain. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Held, D. and Thompson, J. ( 1989 ) .Social Theory of Modern Societies: Anthony Giddens and His Critics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lewis, G. ( 1998 ) . Citizenship. In: Hughes, G.Imagining Welfare Futures. London: Routledge Ltd. pp 103-50. Lister, R ( 2003 ) .Citizenship: Feminist Positions. 2nd erectile dysfunction. New York: New York University Press. 2003. Lister, R ( 2010 ) .Understanding Theories and Concepts in Social Policy.Great Britain: The Policy Press. Marshall, T.H. ( 1949/92 ) ‘Citizenship and societal class’ , in T.H. Marshall and T.Bottomore,Citizenship and societal category, London: Pluto Press Marshall, T.H. and Bottomore, T. ( 1992 )Citizenship and societal category,London: Pluto Press Powell, M. ( 2002 ) ‘The Hidden History of Social Citizenship’ ,Citizenship Studies,Vol 6, no 3, pp 229-45 Somers, M. R. ( 1994) , Rights, Relationality, and Membership: Rethinking the Making and Meaning of Citizenship. Law A ; Social Inquiry, 19: 63–114. Tilly, C ( 1996 ) .Citizenship, Identity and Social History.International Review of Social History, 40, pp 1-17. Turner, B ( 1993 ) .Citizenship and Social Theory. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Student Exam figure: Y82850301

A Quiz About Hyphenating Phrasal Adjectives

A Quiz About Hyphenating Phrasal Adjectives A Quiz About Hyphenating Phrasal Adjectives A Quiz About Hyphenating Phrasal Adjectives By Mark Nichol One of the most frequent mechanical errors in writing is the omission or misuse of hyphens when two or more words are used to modify a following noun. In the sentences below, remedy the absence or abuse of hyphens in the phrasal adjective and compare your revision to mine: 1. â€Å"He’s one of the world’s best known zoologists.† As is, the sentence implies that among known zoologists, he’s one of the best. But what it means is that among the world’s zoologists, he one of the best known, so that two-word phrase is a phrasal adjective and should be hyphenated before the noun zoologists: â€Å"He’s one of the world’s best-known zoologists.† 2. â€Å"The increasingly high on its own supply movie studio has once more delved into its library.† This sentence suffers from the same error as the previous one, multiplied several times. The words in the phrase â€Å"high on its own supply† must be linked like railroad cars for the statement to make sense: â€Å"The increasingly high-on-its-own-supply movie studio has once more delved into its library.† (Increasingly, because it is an adverb, not an adjective, doesn’t have a ticket for this train.) 3. â€Å"A lot can happen during a three or four day holiday weekend.† Again, a lack of connective tissue is the fault here; the solution is suspensive hyphenation. The object refers to a holiday weekend that might last three days or four days, but it’s not necessary to repeat day. It is, however, imperative to hyphenate such a construction as follows: â€Å"A lot can happen during a three- or four-day holiday weekend.† 4. â€Å"Whatever happened to the catalogs of yore, like the four-inch thick Sears tome?† Incomplete hyphenation muddles this sentence, which implies that an artifact known as a thick Sears tome has four inches. The intended meaning, however, is that the Sears tome is four inches thick, so that three-word phrase describing its size must be linked into one unit: â€Å"Whatever happened to the catalogs of yore, like the four-inch-thick Sears tome?† 5. â€Å"Behind-the-scenes, he repeatedly employed procedural technicalities to undermine proposals.† Freestanding common phrases that are also often employed as phrasal adjectives and thus frequently seen with hyphens are often mistakenly hyphenated; the first three words in this sentence, however, require hyphens only if they collectively modify a noun (â€Å"behind-the-scenes plotting†): â€Å"Behind the scenes, he repeatedly employed procedural technicalities to undermine proposals.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsA While vs Awhile5 Ways to Reduce Use of Prepositions

HP at a Strategic Crossroad Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

HP at a Strategic Crossroad - Assignment Example But, the company was not able to take up the challenge thrown up by the rapid advancements in technologies and some of the competitors. Fiorina had proved herself at AT&T by bringing about a successful spin-off at its equipment and research branch. With such a legacy she joined HP and started her mission to refurbish the image of HP and implementing the requisite changes. For introducing changes in an organization and its functioning, the manager is supposed to take into confidence the team leaders, departmental heads and other support staff. The CEO will be able to plan and execute the strategies effectively if she had fullest support from other managers and the governing board. In this case it appears that Carleton Fiorina didn't believe in collaborative or democratic type of functioning. Instead she took pride in imposing her decision and carrying through her plan irrespective of what others have to say on that particular decision. She gained notoriety for placing her interest ove r the interests of the organization. This is a serious shortcoming for being an able and acceptable leader. To manage an organization, the manager has to manage the human resources, the machinery and the strategies. The leader will be termed as successful, if she is able to take active cooperation of the human resources in managing the machinery and planning & executing the strategies. But in this case Fiorina resorted to 'ambush marketing' from the very beginning. Without caring for the tradition or conventions at HP, she started imposing her plans. It can very well be argued that in this era of cut-throat competition, an organization has to plan out its strategies according to the demand from market, but expecting the change to take place overnight, proves detrimental for the health of the organization. This is exactly what Fiorina did after joining HP. It is said that, companies and organizations are made for people and by the people, and obviously their effectiveness depends on the behavior and performance of the people running these companies. Howard Good (2006), the former president of Highland Central School Board in Highland, NY, says, "Being board president brings power and prestige, but you must inspire and help others to be successful". A team leader therefore plays the central role in making or breaking the team. It is the team leader who can synergize the efforts or just wither away the advantage, with his actions. A team leader is supposed to delegate the powers and responsibilities amongst his/ her team mates, inspire the team members by being an example and motivate his team with appropriate motivating factors. A leader can synergize the efforts by; Eliciting the contribution from all concerned Organizing the team members by assigning them the responsibilities, and Developing an information system for monitoring and coordination activities. It can very well be argued that HP had become a bureaucratic type of an organization and was on the verge of loosing the status of being a leader in innovation. World's first scientific calculator was given to the world by HP way back in 1967. The company has been a market leader in printing and imaging business solutions since 1985. But somehow the company could not keep pace with the changing technology and the competitors like IBM and Dell overtook it. The revenue figures started declining. A dynamic leader

Coursework..'Why has Britain traditionally resisted the idea of the Essay

Coursework..'Why has Britain traditionally resisted the idea of the European Union' Consider the issues full - Essay Example Its most prominent feature has been the importance of the financial sector, the City of London, both economically and politically. The City of London forms with the Treasury and the Bank of England an extremely powerful economic policy community that has normally been successful in shaping the policy of British governments on major economic issues. Priority has generally been given to the interests and perspectives of the City rather than those of manufacturing or the trade unions in determining the national interest (Aspinwall 2004). There was no similar test for manufacturing. The nature of the City as an international financial centre has always led it to favor a policy of openness to the markets of the whole world, not just Europe. "For Britain, therefore, deregulation, whether nationally or the European Union-inspired, has been experienced as deregulation, with the creation of legal procedures, where informal agreements generally held, and the establishment of independent regula tory bodies" (Schmidt 1997, p. 167). Also, the business cycle in the Great Britain has normally been aligned with the US economy rather than the European economy. This provides a practical obstacle to early entry; but, more than that, it symbolizes a different view as to where British economic interests lie. Politically, on Politically, one reason for the hesitation was that the political class in Britain has been much more divided over the euro than the political class in other member states. Popular opposition to joining the single currency has also been strong in Denmark and Sweden, and the Danes voted narrowly in a referendum in September 2000 to stay outside. But the Danish currency is already pegged to the euro, and the Danish economy is more integrated within the Euro-Zone than the British economy is. The political class in Britain has become deeply split, with one of the two major parties, the Conservatives (Giddings & Drewry 2004). The Conservative party was initially the party of Europe, conceiving Europe as an enterprise which was very much in the security and economic interests of the British state, as well as a new external challenge to replace the Empire. It was a Conservative government under Edward Heath that narrowly secured parliamentary approval of the terms of entry in 1971 (Aspinwal l 2004). It was the Labor Party whose leaders were prone to talk of 'a thousand years of history' (Aspinwall 2004, p. 56) and who were immensely distrustful of the Common Market because of the restrictions it imposed on national planning. "The erosion of the greater powers of Parliament have been cause for concern not only for members of Parliament but also for the executive, which given the lesser party discipline and the more vocal" (Schmidt 1997, p. 167). Although a majority of the Labor leadership did eventually support British membership of the European Community, a majority of trade unions and Labor Party members remained opposed because of their commitment to national economic planning. Culturally and nationally, the Great Britain tries to preserve its uniqueness keeping old traditions and social institutions unchanged. For the anti-Europeans, the European Union is a dangerous semi-sovereignty process which forces new states meets its rules and obligations. British attachment to outmoded forms of

Challenging The Validity Of Fingerprint Evidence

Challenging The Validity Of Fingerprint Evidence The reliability of fingerprint evidence as a means of identification for purpose of court continues to be generally accepted by academia and the criminal justice system. However, despite a long tradition of forensic identification to individualize prints there have been some recent challenges as to the scientific basis for fingerprint evidence. These challenges stem from valid concerns about the potential for human errors in fingerprint matching. A major factor in trying to establish the validity of fingerprint evidence is the theoretical framework as to the physical aspects of forensic science. The psychological aspect of forensic science (the preparation of physical evidence for purpose of court) is also a potential Achilles heel as to the validity of fingerprint evidence in particular in countries with an adversarial legal system where the function of counsel is largely to undermine the credibility of the evidence presented. Key words: prints, marks, reliability, validity, probability, error, bias Introduction A [finger]print is a record taken by police of a (usually) known individual under controlled conditions. A mark is an impression found at a crime scene. The role of fingerprint examiners (dactyloscopists) is to analyse marks (individualize marks) to determine whether it/they match the print/s of a known individual. Fingerprints are routinely used by police in order to identify suspects and victims of crime (e.g. homicide) and fingerprint evidence remain one of the most trusted forms of forensic evidence used in a court of law. Despite this, the various techniques used by fingerprint examiners have neither been scientifically tested nor published in scientific peer reviewed journals. The reliability of dactyloscopy techniques as a means of identification (individualization) is based on a theoretical framework as to the physical aspects of forensic science, including: persistence, uniqueness and transferability of prints and marks for purpose of identification. Until recently there had been no scientific studies conducted to validate fingerprints as physical evidence of identification. Despite this significant gap in the science of fingerprint evidence, the evidential value of fingerprint identification remains unquestioned. The reliability of dactyloscopy techniques as a means of identification continues to be generally accepted by academia and the criminal justice system. However, the use of fingerprint identification as evidence at court inevitably leads to interactions between science and the law where basic assumptions are frequently challenged. There are two different kinds of issues which may arise when presenting fingerprints as evidence at court: (i) the lack of scientific rigour in the techniques used, and; (ii) the influence of cognitive biases on expert evidence. The evidential value of fingerprint identification Fingerprint identification as its used in the criminal justice system is typically done by comparing and attempting to match a mark (latent fingerprint) found at a crime scene with a print taken from a known suspect. The various techniques used by fingerprint examiners in matching two prints are different from e.g. biometric fingerprint checks introduced by the UK Border Agency (UKBA) in 2009 as a means of identification to improve on airport security. The lack of scientific rigour in the techniques used Whilst the evidential value of fingerprint identification remains unquestioned, even by its critics, it is often assumed that its the theoretical framework as to the physical aspects of fingerprint evidence, such as the uniqueness and transferability of fingerprints, which make fingerprint identification well suited as forensic evidence for purpose of court. However, these theoretical underpinnings are often not backed up by scientific evidence and the validity of the theoretical framework of forensic science is therefore a potential Achilles heel in fingerprint evidence. The influence of cognitive biases on expert evidence Whilst the different techniques and methods used by fingerprint examiners vary from those used in automated biometric fingerprint checks, the theoretical underpinnings of fingerprint identification are the same as for biometric fingerprint checks (such as uniqueness and transferability). The results from automated biometric fingerprint checks would not however be suitable as forensic evidence at court. The main reason is that apart from the physical aspects of fingerprints, the evidential value of fingerprints is primarily based upon the expert opinions of fingerprint examiners and governed by the rules on circumstantial evidence. Highlighting the lack of objectivity in the analysis and matching of fingerprints, Stoney (1991:198) notes: In fingerprint work we become subjectively convinced of identity; we do not prove it. And this works just fine. For fingerprints. The evidential value and admissibility of fingerprint expert evidence The Law Commissions report on admissibility of evidence 2008 and 2011: The opinion evidence of an expert witness is admissible only if the court is satisfied that it is sufficiently reliable to be admitted. The opinion evidence of an expert witness is sufficiently reliable to be admitted if: the evidence is predicated on sound principles, techniques and assumptions; those principles, techniques and assumptions have been properly applied to the facts of the case; and the evidence is supported by those principles, techniques and assumptions as applied to the facts of the case. It is for the party wishing to rely on the opinion evidence of an expert witness to show that it is sufficiently reliable to be admitted. This means that guilt cannot be determined by expert evidence alone and that trust in the validity of fingerprint evidence requires a leap of faith. (Broeder, 2006, p. 154) Challenging the Validity of Fingerprint Evidence The validity of fingerprint evidence is dependent upon: the credibility of expert witnesses; validity of the theoretical framework of forensic science, and; the accuracy of procedures and techniques used. Despite its lack of scientific evidence, the theoretical underpinnings of fingerprints and reliability of methods used are rarely challenged at court. When the theoretical underpinnings of fingerprints are challenged at court, it also tends to undermine the reliability of methods used in a range of forensic evidence. In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the US Supreme Court ruled that forensic evidence has to be both relevant and reliable in order to be valid. However, there are no reliability studies for fingerprint evidence and fingerprint evidence should therefore be ruled inadmissible in a US court of law. Pierce (2011) notes that the core issue in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. was the validity of deductive reasoning to reach a conclusion. (Pierce, 2011) The validity of fingerprint evidence in effect comes down to an issue of trust and credibility both of which can be undermined. The Daubert case raised the need for a model by which statistically quantifiable measures can be generated to objectively assess the reliability of fingerprint evidence. One method considered reliable by US courts is the ACE-V (analysis-comparison-evaluation-verification) method. (Haber Haber, 2008) Despite the promise of such models, Broeder (2007) argues that: No expert or expert system can provide incontrovertible categorical evidence i.e. absolute proof that a certain trace originates from a particular source. There is no objective or subjective, scientific or alternative method that will enable us to do this. Stoney (1991:198) argues that trying to prove uniqueness by use of statistical models is a ridiculous notion. (Stoney, 1991) Basis for Challenging Fingerprint Evidence Despite significant issues in terms of the validity of both theoretical underpinnings of forensic science and various techniques used, the main reason why fingerprint evidence will continue to be challenged as valid forensic science evidence is that fingerprint matching (recognition, analysis, comparison, and interpretation / evaluation) is ultimately a subjective decision-making process where results and expert evidence can be influenced by contextual and confirmation biases (human error) resulting in false identification. Whilst Stoney (1991) appears to argue that its the subjective nature of fingerprint evidence which give the individualization process credibility, Dror et. al. (2005:800) also note that fingerprint identification involves a decision making process (Dror, et al., 2005) which may ultimately result in human error and in false identification. It is therefore unfortunate that much of the debate is currently focused on attempts to improve on the reliability of fingerprint evidence through advancements in technological innovation. Attempts at improving the physical aspects of scientific evidence indicate that some problems with forensic evidence might one day be overcome by future advances in technological innovation. Whilst technical and scientific evidence are becoming increasingly important for the criminal justice system, Broeder (2006:148) suggests that its difficult for judges and juries to assess the validity of expert forensic evidence. (Broeder, 2006, p. 148) Mnookin (2008:343) argues that the courts have been seduced by superficial arguments as to the reliability of scientific methods. (Mnookin, 2008, p. 343) Considering that fingerprint evidence is ultimately a decision-making process its difficult to see how fingerprint matching could be replaced by advances in technology such as future generations of automatic fingerprint recognition systems (e.g. the ACE-V process/methodology). More effort should perhaps be focused on the social science aspect of expert forensic evidence (in particular psychology) to reduce potential cognitive biases and human error in fingerprint evidence the main basis for challenging fingerprint evidence. Cognitive Biases in Fingerprint Evidence Fingerprint evidence is supported by a general theoretical framework as to the physical principles of forensic evidence. However, fingerprint evidence is ultimately based on a series of decisions formulated by fingerprint examiners through cognitive processes. Whilst Stoney (1991) might argue that becoming subjectively convinced of identity works just fine for purpose of fingerprint matching, as it turns out, fingerprint examiners are highly susceptible to various forms of cognitive biases. Giannelli (2010) describes four different kinds of cognitive biases which may influence decision-making in forensic examination of evidence. Giannelli describes contextual bias as occurring when extraneous information influences a decision, typically in cases of ambiguity. Techniques used to avoid the influence of contextual bias when testing a new drug, include randomized (double blind) clinical trials. A similar process as part of the fingerprint verification process has been proposed by Haber and Haber (2003). (Haber Haber, 2003) Giannelli describes confirmation bias in terms of the tendency to test a hypothesis by looking for instances that confirm it rather than by searching for potentially falsifying instances. Kassin, Dror Kukucka (2013) describe the various contextual influences which may generate bias in forensic evidence, in terms of: Knowing the nature and details of the crime, being pressured by detectives; working within and as part of the police; the use of computer-generated lists that feature some suspects ahead of others; appearing in court within an adversarial criminal justice system. Experiments in cognitive biases The importance of cognitive psychology of expert evidence has been highlighted in a series of experiments conducted by Dr. Itiel Dror (2005) in which he had took the fingerprints from real criminal cases and presented them to the same fingerprint examiners who had previously given evidence at court. By changing the context for the analysis, such as strongly suggesting that a mark had previously been incorrectly matched to a print (or that a mark belonged to a particular suspect when in fact it did not), the examiners came to different conclusions, contradicting their own evidence given at court. Dr. Drors experiments showed the influence that contextual and confirmation biases can have on the outcome of fingerprint analysis. The research found that fingerprint examiners were more likely to make a match judgment on ambiguous fingerprints when exposed to emotional background stories of crimes and explicitly disturbing photographs from crime scenes, as well as subliminal messages. The researchers concluded that examiners were more likely to confirm a match in ambiguous fingerprints when exposed to contextual biases highlighting the importance of cognitive psychology in fingerprint evidence. To further highlight the importance of cognitive psychology in fingerprint evidence, an international panel of fingerprint experts convened to examine errors committed by the FBI which led to the identification of Brandon Mayfield note that the pressure of working on a high-profile terrorism case created an atmosphere which contributed to the misidentification. (US Department of Justice, 2006, p. 177) Error Rates and Probability Error Rates Experiments similar to those conducted by Dr. Dror (2005) have also been conducted by e.g. Ulery et. al. (2012) and Evett and Williams (1995). (Evett Williams, 1995) All such studies find varying degrees of inconsistency. Ulery et. al. found that when the same fingerprint evidence is given to the same examiners, they reach different conclusions approximately 10% of the time. (Kassin, et al., 2013) Ulery et. al. (2012:9) attributed such errors to a lack of quantitative criteria and limited qualitative criteria for decision. (Ulery, et al., 2012, p. 9) Such error rates are only known as a result of research conducted where examiners were themselves the subject of research experiments. Mnookin (2008b) (Mnookin, 2008) as well as (Haber Haber, 2003) and other researchers point to the lack of transparency of crime laboratories in disclosing the results double-blind tests where e.g. one examiner discover an error made by another examiner and that no data exist on the error rate correction resulting from the verification process. Jasanoff (2006) notes the right of US citizens to receive information, including scientific and technical information, in order to effectuate the goal of informed participation. (Jasanoff, 2006) However, considering the increasingly commercial nature of forensic laboratories, such error rate data is unlikely to be volunteered any time soon. Probability Aitken Taroni (2004:126) note that evaluation of fingerprint evidence is based on a statistical model of probabilistic inference. (Aitken Taroni, 2004) Probability may be defined as [a] statistical means of describing uncertainty. (Brenner, 1997, p. 126) Galton (1892:100) raised the problem of estimating the probability of two prints (alike in their minutiae) as having been made by two different persons and attempted to give an approximate numerical idea of the value of finger prints as a means of Personal Identification. Galton (1892:110) calculated the probability of two different individuals having the same fingerprints (Type I error) to be less than 1 to 224 x 24 x 28 or about 1 in 64 billion. Neumann (2012:21) explains the difficulty of probability as faced by fingerprint examiners giving evidence at court: If it is his belief that the mark probably does or almost certainly does or is rather unlikely to match, he is forbidden to say so in court; in those cases, fingerprint evidence, for or against the accused, simply does not appear in the case. (Neumann, 2012) So, how common is it that examiners giving evidence at court arent necessarily 100% certain of the evidence they give at court? According to research by Neuman et.al. it happens in 30% of the all comparisons performed. (Neumann, et al., 2011) Galton notes the effect on probability when matching two or more marks to the prints of a known individual: When two fingers of each of the two persons are compared, and found to have the same minutiae, the improbability of 1 to 236 becomes squared, and reaches a figure altogether beyond the range of the imagination; when three fingers, it is cubed, and so on. [W]hen two, three, or more fingers in the two persons agree to that extent, the strength of the evidence rises by squares, cubes, etc., far above the level of that amount of probability which begins to rank as certainty. Galton (1892:111-112) Case Studies Broeder (2006) notes that there have recently been several highly publicised appeals against criminal convictions around the world where forensic evidence has played a significant role in the identification of suspects. Broeder further notes that these have at least partly been associated with inadequate standards of forensic expertise. The following case studies involve examples of Type I errors (false positives in fingerprint matching) made by examiners. Case Study 1: Shirley McKie In January 1997, DC Shirley McKie attended a crime scene in Kilmarnock, Scotland as part of an investigation into the murder of Marion Ross. A single mark found at the scene was attributed to DC McKie who denied under oath that it could be hers. DC McKie was subsequently charged with perjury. At her trial, two fingerprint experts disputed the mark belonged to DC McKie. A jury later found DC McKie not guilty of perjury. In 2008, the Scottish Government appointed Sir Anthony Campbell to hold a public inquiry into the identification and verification of fingerprints associated with the case of HM Advocate v McKie in 1999. Sir Campbell noted that [t]he community of fingerprint experts is deeply divided over the case of Shirley McKie and that some experts are perceived by others to be so closely associated with colleagues or organisations that have expressed an opinion that they are not universally regarded as being independent. (The Fingerprint Inquiry, 2011) Case Study 2: Brandon Mayfield In 2004, the Federal Bureau of Investigation identified Brandon Mayfields fingerprints as a match to a single mark found on a bag containing explosives used in the Madrid train bombings on 11 March 2004. Mayfields fingerprints had been initially retrieved as a potential match using the FBIs Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS). Upon closer examination, three fingerprint experts reviewing the initial result each confirmed that the mark belonged to Mayfield. (Stacey, 2004) The FBI launched a covert operation and Mayfield was subsequently arrested on 6 May 2004. An independent fingerprint expert appointed by the court to review the evidence (who also knew that a positive match had already been made) also concluded that the mark found did belong to Mayfield. Spanish Police informed the FBI that they had identified the mark as belonging to an Algerian national. After examining the prints of the Algerian national, the FBI released Mayfield from custody. The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) concluded that the reason for the misidentification was due to the unusual similarity between the [latent print] and Mayfields known fingerprint which had confused three experienced FBI examiners and a court-appointed expert. (US Department of Justice, 2006) Discussion Fingerprint evidence was first used in the UK in 1858 and is the most common form of forensic evidence used at court today. Fingerprint evidence has also been raised as one of the most important categories of forensic evidence admitted at court. However, a study conducted by Baldwin and McConville (1980) found that forensic evidence played a significant role in only five per cent of cases presented at court. Inman and Rudin (2002:1) describe forensic science as an applied science based on the laws of physics and chemistry. (Inman Rudin, 2002) Whilst this might provide an appropriate definition of forensic science, it ignores the importance of psychology in forensic evidence. The reliability of fingerprints as a means of identification (individualization) for purpose of evidence at court continues to be generally accepted by academia and the criminal justice system. Mnookin (2001:16) argues that scrutiny of expert evidence does not take place in a cultural vacuum and infers that fingerprint evidence was accepted too quickly in US courts. In 2013, a US District Court Judge ruled that the process fingerprint identification failed to meet three of the four criteria set for scientific evidence. The technique hadnt been scientifically tested Wasnt subject to scientific peer review Didnt possess a known rate of error The ruling means that whilst the court accepts that the process of fingerprint analysis does not meet the standards set for scientific evidence, the testimony of expert fingerprint analysts may still be admissible as evidence at court. Because the validity of fingerprint evidence is primarily based upon the credibility expert witnesses, challenges as to the validity of fingerprint evidence need to address the psychological aspects of forensic science, in other words the potential cognitive (contextual and confirmation) biases of forensic experts resulting in false identification. Part of this effort might involve simple solutions such as shielding fingerprint examiners from the details of crimes being investigated or having all fingerprint experts directly appointed by the courts. Other requirements might involve a minimum of two marks or more having to match the prints of a suspect before it can be used as evidence at court.

International Governance of Environmental resources

People need many natural resources to live. Other natural resources are used to make life easier. Defining Global Governance Governance is the framework of social and economic systems and legal and political structures through which humanity manages itself. † World Humanity Action Trust, 2000. Environmental governance â€Å"is the term we use to describe how we as humans exercise our authority over natural resources and natural systems. † It is about questions concerning â€Å"how we make environmental decisions and who makes them†¦. Using this broad conceptualization, environmental governance involves much more than the work of governments. It â€Å"relates to decision-makers at all levels-?government managers and ministers, business people, property wieners, farmers, and consumers. In short, it deals with who is responsible, how they wield their power, and how they are held accountable. † In discussions of governance, three terms come up often: Institution s. In the context of governance, â€Å"institutions† can be thought of as the formal and informal rules that govern social interactions.Formal rules are illustrated by laws and regulations, and informal rules are illustrated by social norms. Good governance. This term is used to describe governance characterized by high levels of transparency, accountability, and fair treatment. Civil society. This term â€Å"refers to the arena of uncovered collective action around shared interests, purposes and values. In theory, its institutional forms are distinct from those of the state, family and market, though in practice, the boundaries between state, civil society, family and market are often complex, blurred and negotiated.Civil society commonly embraces a diversity of spaces, actors and institutional forms, varying in their degree of formality, autonomy and power. Civil societies are often populated by organizations such as registered charities, development non-governmental organ izations, community groups, women's organizations, faith-based organizations, professional associations, trades unions, self-help groups, social movements, business associations, coalitions and advocacy group. † Why Reform?Nature of problems Scale, scope and complexity Failed collective action Lack of incentives for collaboration Fragmentation Institutional proliferation Deficient authority Inadequate mandate, funding, political support Insufficient legitimacy Lack of process and outcome fairness What to Reform? Institutional structure re's Institutional methods of governing What to Achieved? Improved problem solving Improved collective action Enhanced legitimacy Strengthened policy space Improved fairness New global ethic How to Reform?

Religious Repression And Its Effects On Religion - 879 Words

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Analysis Of Jason Brennan s Second Chapter Of Against...

In Jason Brennan’s second chapter of Against Democracy (2016) multiple topics are discussed pertaining to the political action of voting. Throughout this chapter Brennan explores the ideologies of rational ignorance and rational irrationality about politics, as well as the psychological benefits of holding firm to an irrational belief, and the cognitive biases or errors displayed in society. Brennan’s views create controversy and often times don’t seem to directly favor one another. Although I admired the viewpoints Brennan gave, I had a difficult time buying into the philosophical ideas he presented. As we progress in this paper, we will learn more about Brennan’s narrow view of politics being only associated to voting. Brennan created adequate argument for the philosophical measures he presents, however this strict polices don’t seem to equate with democracy in its entirety. Within the second chapter of Against Democracy (2016), we become aware of rational ignorance about politics and rational irrationality about politics. These two subjects hold considerable weight in Brennan’s expression of what it means to be political. Rational ignorance is when the costs of acquiring knowledge surpass the benefits of having that knowledge (Brennan, 2016). In relation to politics, which Brennan exclusively only refers to as voting and not any other political action, rational ignorance is when there is no benefit to learning political matter because you vote will not matter or produce